Chinas Transition to a Market-oriented Economy Essay

Chinas Transition to a Market-arranged Economy - Essay Example This paper is perhaps the best case of target examination of the macroeconomic circumstance in China through the ongoing long periods of macroeconomic change. Being the most crowded nation on the planet, China set out to change its economy from a midway arranged one to a market situated one of every 1978. This change came after the system of Mao and apparently takes place in two phases: between 1979-1993 came the primary stage and the subsequent stage started in 1994 to by and by. The two phases are basically separated by the 1989 Student Movement. Global Corporations created enthusiasm for China and, since it introduced remarkable advertising issues and difficulties. These MNCs envision the development and extension of these economies and have along these lines attempted to grow their tasks to them. The best test confronting China’s change is auxiliary obstruction existent inside the economy especially with state-claimed endeavors and state-possessed banks; where both have interrelated issues that the state keeps on interceding in their speculation choices and capital assignment. The state part has set up a few state-possessed undertakings with assumed strategy credits from the state-claimed banks to forestall chapter 11. The Chinese government has coordinated a lot of assets into foundation and different activities leaving the financial plan at shortfall levels; this in an offer to fuel monetary development. The change has been loaded with defilement principally in the focal and local governments just as in the business division. This has made it hard to embrace pertinent tasks useful to people in general and not explicit people. Beijing authorities have endeavored to end this by running open enemy of defilement crusades and holding preliminaries of senior gathering authorities out in the open. In any case, it has kept on existing and this has made the open loath to social changes. This has made the issue of rising imbalance and thusly an overwhelming white collar class; which brings about a contracting workforce

The DHL Company Environments and Culture

DHL or Deutsche Post is viewed as one of the best and broadly utilized mail benefits on the planet. The conditions and culture of DHL Company are the significant viewpoints that impact business and people’s preparation to engage in one. The fluctuating business sector regularly requests changes in the area, with the goal that it stays successful.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on The DHL Company Environments and Culture explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More DHL is a global business, and it utilizes serious intends to make an expansion in benefits and circulation of items or administrations. One of the key advances that were made is identified with changing the counseling practice and association between areas. The significant center has gone to individuals and cooperation with the general population. The expedited administration, worldwide sending and a solid flexibly chain are on the whole perspectives that make DHL solid. As clients will fr equently come back to a similar association if the items and administrations are solid and of top notch, it was insightful for business to give exceptional consideration to how matters are led. The flexibly chain itself is controlled by giving agreements and coordinations among the gracefully courses and goals. Likewise, there is a wide assortment of areas in DHL that offer differing divisions, every particular to the conditions present. The worldwide turns of events and activities have been on an expansion in the previous decades. The worldwide business industry has utilized numerous representatives from various nations. As the base camp are situated in Germany, the social points of interest are one of a kind. The gracefully chain is working for the most part in Europe, the United States and Canada, yet additionally, in different nations also. The worldwide segment has been utilized to gracefully products and ventures, which makes the organization particularly adaptable in all view points on the association and flexibly (Savignano 11). DHL Supply Chain has three significant areas where it works. They are south and north Americas, Asia, which is included Pacific, Middle East and Africa, and Europe. Since DHL works in such a large number of various situations, the conditions permit changing in accordance with the gracefully request of every specific nation or country. Since the association is engaged with such a large number of levels of society, the flexibly chain is a piece of the arrangements in giving human services support. This comes in amazingly valuable to both the organization and the joining forces country in light of the fact that the interest is utilized for the improvement of public activity, which thus, carries more business to the organization (Savignano 13). Car industry and vitality matters are another division where the gracefully chain is especially developing. With the expansion in innovation and the quest for clean vitality, the organization can add to the exploration and offer a support which is a lot of valuable in the cutting edge world. DHL Supply Chain serves clients in a wide range of ventures, which sets it out among other organizations.Advertising Looking for exposition on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Being an innovator in coordinations, it works in more than 220 nations, which prompts a huge development in incomes and request. Joining forces with different organizations is additionally normal, which invigorates advancement and universal collaboration. The business sectors that are developing rather quickly, for example, China, India, Brazil and Mexico, have inputted additional requirements on DHL. This has helped flexibly request and administrations portion (â€Å"DHL†). By and large, the organization is gaining extraordinary ground in spreading its business everywhere throughout the world. A high productivity of adm inistrations and the best possible association of the flexibly chain make the best condition for DHL and its tentative arrangements. Works Cited DHL 2013. Web. https://www.logistics.dhl/ca-en/home/about-us/dhl-people.html Savignano, Marcelo. The Multiple Identities of an Employer: A contextual investigation on DHL. Munich, Germany: GRIN Verlag, 2010. Print. This exposition on The DHL Company Environments and Culture was composed and presented by client Tamia Collins to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

Borderline Personality Disorder and Your Sex Life

Borderline Personality Disorder and Your Sex Life BPD Living With BPD Print Borderline Personality Disorder and Your Sex Life By Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, is a clinical psychologist and associate professor of psychology at Eastern Connecticut State University. Learn about our editorial policy Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on July 05, 2019 Tetra Images / Getty Images More in BPD Living With BPD Diagnosis Treatment Related Conditions Borderline personality disorder (BPD) symptoms can affect your emotional state, your relationships, and your ability to control your behavior. So its not surprising that BPD can also have a major impact on your sex life. While very few researchers have studied BPD and its effects on sexuality, more and more work is suggesting that people with BPD can experience several key difficulties with sex. Attitudes About Sex Research has demonstrated that women with BPD tend to have more negative attitudes about sex. For example, women with BPD report having a greater number of mixed feelings about sexual relations, and are also more likely to feel pressured to have sex with their sexual partners. In addition, women with BPD report more general sexual dissatisfaction. Much less is known about how BPD affects men’s attitudes about sex. There may be a number of reasons for these more negative attitudes toward sex. First, many women with BPD are survivors of child abuse, which may contribute to overall negative reactions to adult sexual experiences. Also, women with BPD are more likely to experience a great deal of conflict in their relationships, so they may feel less positive about sex. Reckless Sex Impulsive behavior  is one of the symptoms of BPD listed in the DSM-IV. In the case of sexuality, a trend toward impulsive behavior may lead to reckless sexual behavior as well. People with BPD are most at risk of engaging in impulsive acts when they are experiencing intense emotional responses, or when they are disinhibited by alcohol or other substances. Intense sadness, fear, jealousy or positive emotions may also lead to impulsive sexuality. Promiscuity In addition to engaging in reckless or impulsive sex, there is evidence that people with BPD are more prone to sexually promiscuity. This differs from impulsive sex in that promiscuity is the act of intentionally having multiple sexual partners (rather than having casual sex on a whim). Why might people with BPD be more promiscuous? One possibility is that they use sex to combat feelings of emptiness that are associated with the disorder. When feeling empty, numb, lonely, or bored, sex may generate positive emotional responses. Avoidance of Sex While some studies have shown an increase in sexual behavior in people with BPD, there is also evidence that some actually avoid sex. For example, in a 2003 study, Dr. Mary Zanarini and colleagues found that people with BPD reported avoidance of sex for fear of experiencing an exacerbation of their symptoms. Your Sex Life While the research is far from conclusive (and is particularly sparse with regard to men with BPD), there is evidence to suggest that people with BPD can experience a variety of sexual difficulties.  It is likely that the impact of BPD symptoms on sex can vary substantially from person to person, and can take very different forms. How your symptoms impact your sex life may warrant some reflection or even a discussion with your therapist or partner.

Thesis statement Leadership depends on the leader’s...

Thesis statement: Leadership depends on the leader’s leadership style and there way of communicating ideas rather than the leader themselves. Both women and men believe in similar leadership styles however women prefer a more participative leadership approach. According to organisational behaviour by McShane, leadership is defined as influencing, motivating and enabling others to contribute towards the effectiveness and success of the organisation of which they are members (page 382, McShane).Becoming an effective leader depends on the leader’s leadership style. Successful leaders have vision and charisma, also the leader should have an ongoing personality, talkative, careful and self-disciplined. The leader must also have self-concept†¦show more content†¦Albert Einstein was a very influential leader in the modern era, as he transformed humanity’s understanding of the universe. In the 1920’s he become an active leader of international movement (The guardian, 2012). A path goal theory is based on the expectancy theory of motivation which relates to several types of leadership styles that relates to specific followers. In the path goal theory there are three leadership styles that make an effective leader, thes e include, the leader must be directive, and this includes clarifying performance goals, using rewards and being task orientated. Leaders should also be supportive this means the leader should be friendly and approachable, treats everyone equally and with respect. The last leadership style if participative, the leader should consult employees, ask for suggestions and take their ideas into consideration (McShane, p388). Albert was a good leader due to his excellence in leadership qualities which where it was an excellent listener, he was always motivated and have good knowledge, power and influence in how to lead. Einstein always listened to everyone and never ignore them, however he learnt from them on how to improve his leadership styles, therefore making him a good leader. He was also motivated in discovering new ideas regardless of how many people put him down, and he also had a clear relationship between leadership and ethics which was significant in keeping a lasting impression as the world leader (Iain hay,Show MoreRelatedThe Effect of Leadership Style on Organizational Commitment Among Academic Staff in Yemeni Universities10662 Words   |  43 Pagesi The Effect of Leadership Style on Organizational Commitment among Academic Staff in Yemeni Universities Sameh Adel Abdo Saeed UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA JUNE 2011 ii The Effect of Leadership Style on Organizational Commitment among Academic Staff in Yemeni Universities A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School in Partial Fulfillment of Master of Business Administration Universiti Utara Malaysia By Sameh Adel Abdo Saeed  © Sameh Adel Abdo Saeed, June 2011. All Rights Reserved iii PERMISSIONRead MoreValue Based Leadership and Spirituality in the Workplace6185 Words   |  25 PagesVALUE-BASED LEADERSHIP AND SPIRITUALITY IN THE WORKPLACE I herewith declare this work to be my own, that I have acknowledged all the sources I have consulted in the paper itself and not only in the bibliography, that all wording unaccompanied by a reference is my own, and that no part of this paper has been directly sourced from the internet, or elsewhere, without providing the necessary recognition. I acknowledge that if any part of this declaration is found to be false I shall receive noRead MoreSchool Leadership Roles And Responsibilities10143 Words   |  41 PagesSchool leadership roles and responsibilities have continued be broadened and redefined in today’s society. In addition to the federal and state mandates for student proficiency in general populations of students and sub groups of populations, school leaders are being held responsible either directly or indirectly to shape the character and ethical fabric of today’s young people. School leaders are held accountable with high-stakes state assessments, parent and teacher surveys, and state requirementsRead MoreIkea Global Retailer Essay17554 Words   |  71 PagesAN UNDERSTANDING OF THE COMPLEX PROCESS OF CULTURE BUILDING IN AN ORGANIZATION AND ACROSS BORDERS – USING THE EXAMPLE OF IKEA BACHELOR THESIS Authors: Emilie Martens (19860203) Tobias Mauelshagen (19810623) Course: IBO 348 – VT 2007 Examiner and Tutor: Richard Nakamura Và ¤xjà ¶ universitet Ekonomihà ¶gskolan 31st of May 2007 ABSTRACT i Abstract Nowadays, companies face many difficulties due to the much competitive environment they have to evolve in. Therefore, multinational onesRead MoreBiblical Models of Servant Leadership13223 Words   |  53 PagesCHAPTER TWO THE NEED: BIBILICAL MODELS OF SERVANT LEADERSHIP Introduction There are basic attitudes which we see in the lives of those whom God called to servant leadership in the Bible. These include a serving attitude where the leader sees his[1] primary responsibility to those whom he leads as to serve and develop them to fulfill their God-given mandate. The leader serves by putting on a redeeming attitude, like Moses and Joshua. In other words he takes responsibility forRead More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 Pagesassistance from our agent, Katie Boyle, and our editor at St. Martins, Matthew Martz. x INTRODUCTION You are inspired, hopeful, accomplished, and eager. You seek per, sonal and professional advancement via an MBA that will prepare you for leadership challenges in any business field. You are aware, however, that Harvard Business School receives about ten thousand applications annually, and you are uncertain how to make your ap.... plication stand out. We understand. We have been in your shoesRead MoreHistory of Management Thought Revision17812 Words   |  72 Pagesdata, and if incentives could be provided. 3. Search for Science in Management (it is important to point out that management is not a science in an academic sense, but Taylor intended to use a scientific fact-finding method to determine a better way): a. Time study -- this was prescriptive in that Taylor sought to identify the time a job should take (contrast this with Charles Babbage who measured only the length of a work cycle). b. Time study was analytical, breaking the job into its componentsRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesValues 131 Perception and Individual Decision Making 165 Motivation Concepts 201 Motivation: From Concepts to Applications 239 3 The Group 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Foundations of Group Behavior 271 Understanding Work Teams 307 Communication 335 Leadership 367 Power and Politics 411 Conflict and Negotiation 445 Foundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 18 OrganizationalRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages3 THE CRITICAL ROLE OF MANAGEMENT SKILLS The Importance of Competent Managers 6 The Skills of Effective Managers 7 Essential Management Skills 8 What Are Management Skills? 9 Improving Management Skills 12 An Approach to Skill Development 13 Leadership and Management 16 Contents of the Book 18 Organization of the Book 19 Practice and Application 21 Diversity and Individual Differences 21 Summary 23 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 24 Diagnostic Survey and Exercises 24 Personal Assessment of ManagementRead MoreMGT1FOM Key Management Theorists26579 Words   |  107 Pagessuccess of the whole; and that the profits of each individual should advance, as the factory itself produced profit, without the necessity of making any change in wages. Babbage’s profit-sharing scheme had two facets: that a portion of wages would depend on factory profits, and that the worker ‘‘should derive more advantage from applying any improvement he might discover,’’ that is, a bonus for suggestions. Workers would receive a fixed salary based on the nature of their task plus a share in the

The Renaissance and Italys Decline - 1592 Words

The Renaissance and Italys Decline Definition: The period in European civilization immediately following the Middle Ages, conventionally held to have been characterized by a surge of interest in classical learning and values. Set in the city-states of Italy in the fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the constant uncertainty, both economic and political, and extreme volatility of the historical situation provided the material for new intellectual, cultural, and social experiments that would at their conclusion provide the means of constructing a new European mono-cultural identity, one focused on humanistic studies, science, and the arts. This historical background is surprisingly volatile; while one might assume that†¦show more content†¦In Italy the Renaissance proper was preceded by an important proto-renaissance in the late 13th and early 14th centuries, which drew inspiration from Franciscan radicalism. St. Francis had rejected the formal Scholasticism of the prevailing Christian theology and gone out among the poor praising the beauties and spiritual value of nature. His example inspired Italian artists and poets to take pleasure in the world around them. The work of the most famous artist of the proto-renaissance period, Giotto (1266/67 or 1276-1337), reveals a new pictorial style that depends on clear, simple structure and great psychological penetration rather than on the flat, linear decorativeness and hierarchical compositions of his predecessors and contemporaries. The great poet Dante lived at about the same time as Giotto, and his poetry shows a similar concern with inward experience and the subtle shades and variations of human nature. Although his Divine Comedy belongs to the Middle Ages in its plan and ideas, its subjective spirit and power of expression look forward to the Renaissance. Petrarch and Boccaccio also belong to this proto-renaissance period, both through their extensive studies of Latin literature andShow MoreRelatedAp Euro Kagan, Western Herita ge 8th Edition. Ch. 9 and 10 Study Guide1509 Words   |  7 Pagesbecause even some popes contracted the bubonic plagued. Faith was lost in the church. Chapter 10 1. Discuss Jacob Burkhardt’s interpretation of the Renaissance. What criticisms have been leveled against it? How would you define renaissance in the context of fifteenth and sixteenth-century Italy? Burkhardt’s interpretation of the renaissance implied that society was evolving in such a superior intellectual way that made Italians seem like a super race â€Å"full, whole nature of mankind† was achievedRead MoreWhat Is The History Of Italys Parliamentary Republic Government?1013 Words   |  5 PagesItaly has a Parliamentary Republic government type, full with the Executive, Judiciary, and Legislative branches. 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The idea of the Renaissance as an age of gold afterRead MoreItaly - Research Paper10557 Words   |  43 Pagesto have fourteen years of formal education. This has lead to a 98 percent literacy rate among the population that only has a growth rate of 0.02 percent per year, which is one of the lowest growth rates in the world. (Killinger, 2002) After the decline of the Roman Empire, it took what is now Italy over fourteen centuries to become unified and drive out foreign rule. The state of Italy was formed following the Italian unification movement, known as Risorgimento. Italy installed their first ParliamentRead MoreRenaissance And Discovery Of The Renaissance4916 Words   |  20 PagesChapter 10 Outline: Renaissance and Discovery The Renaissance in Italy Jacob Burckhardt, a Swiss historian, described the Renaissance as the â€Å"prototype of the modern world† in his book Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860). 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The opportunity, which capped these causes and factors, was the demand for plantation workers during World I (Berlin). Historians identified the primary causes of the Great Migration as the decline of cotton production, flooding in the rural areas of the South, increased number of lynching and other forms of racial violence and discrimination, recruitment of African-Americans by northern industries and the influence of Black newspapers in the

The Renaissance and Italys Decline - 1592 Words

The Renaissance and Italys Decline Definition: The period in European civilization immediately following the Middle Ages, conventionally held to have been characterized by a surge of interest in classical learning and values. Set in the city-states of Italy in the fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the constant uncertainty, both economic and political, and extreme volatility of the historical situation provided the material for new intellectual, cultural, and social experiments that would at their conclusion provide the means of constructing a new European mono-cultural identity, one focused on humanistic studies, science, and the arts. This historical background is surprisingly volatile; while one might assume that†¦show more content†¦In Italy the Renaissance proper was preceded by an important proto-renaissance in the late 13th and early 14th centuries, which drew inspiration from Franciscan radicalism. St. Francis had rejected the formal Scholasticism of the prevailing Christian theology and gone out among the poor praising the beauties and spiritual value of nature. His example inspired Italian artists and poets to take pleasure in the world around them. The work of the most famous artist of the proto-renaissance period, Giotto (1266/67 or 1276-1337), reveals a new pictorial style that depends on clear, simple structure and great psychological penetration rather than on the flat, linear decorativeness and hierarchical compositions of his predecessors and contemporaries. The great poet Dante lived at about the same time as Giotto, and his poetry shows a similar concern with inward experience and the subtle shades and variations of human nature. Although his Divine Comedy belongs to the Middle Ages in its plan and ideas, its subjective spirit and power of expression look forward to the Renaissance. Petrarch and Boccaccio also belong to this proto-renaissance period, both through their extensive studies of Latin literature andShow MoreRelatedAp Euro Kagan, Western Herita ge 8th Edition. Ch. 9 and 10 Study Guide1509 Words   |  7 Pagesbecause even some popes contracted the bubonic plagued. Faith was lost in the church. Chapter 10 1. Discuss Jacob Burkhardt’s interpretation of the Renaissance. What criticisms have been leveled against it? How would you define renaissance in the context of fifteenth and sixteenth-century Italy? Burkhardt’s interpretation of the renaissance implied that society was evolving in such a superior intellectual way that made Italians seem like a super race â€Å"full, whole nature of mankind† was achievedRead MoreWhat Is The History Of Italys Parliamentary Republic Government?1013 Words   |  5 PagesItaly has a Parliamentary Republic government type, full with the Executive, Judiciary, and Legislative branches. 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The city-states had wealth from commerce and that that were present in the Middle Ages. 3.Charles vIII’s march through Italy led to Italy’s political decline: The French invasions (1494-1527): The FrenchRead MoreEssay about Cultural Awareness the Country of Italy1983 Words   |  8 Pages50 years today Italy has a President named Giorgio Napolitano he is the 11th President in the history of the country and the longest serving President in the country’s history. The Prime Minister is Matteo Renzi who is 39 years of age making him Italy’s youngest leader since Mussolini. Italy has suffered many defeats in its history politically losing much of its power and on the other hand has won many battles having gained much power and worldly authority over many nations. Politics in the twentyRead MoreThe Most Exotic Locations On The Planet3617 Words   |  15 Pagesfact that’s not even the reason why the country is growing. Italy’s birth rate is at 8.84% per every 1,000 of the population of the country, while Italy’s death rate is surprisingly higher, being at 10.1%. So where is this slight growth in population coming from? Ranking 29th place when being compared to the world, Italy’s net migration rate is growing at 4.29% for every 1,000 of the countries population. Another factor that explains Italy’s growing population is that the life expectancy is ranked ratherRead MoreThe Renaissance As An Age Of Gold1864 Words   |  8 PagesThe renaissance was period of rebirth in Europe in the 14th to 17th century that began to change the views of philosophy, politics, and arts. This was a significant change that was spread throughout Europe and shaped everyone’s views. The Renaissance was a movement of cultural revival which sought to rediscover and redeploy the languages, learning and artistic achievements of the classical world. It used to be claimed as the dawn of modernity . The idea of the Renaissance as an age of gold afterRead MoreItaly - Research Paper10557 Words   |  43 Pagesto have fourteen years of formal education. This has lead to a 98 percent literacy rate among the population that only has a growth rate of 0.02 percent per year, which is one of the lowest growth rates in the world. (Killinger, 2002) After the decline of the Roman Empire, it took what is now Italy over fourteen centuries to become unified and drive out foreign rule. The state of Italy was formed following the Italian unification movement, known as Risorgimento. Italy installed their first ParliamentRead MoreRenaissance And Discovery Of The Renaissance4916 Words   |  20 PagesChapter 10 Outline: Renaissance and Discovery The Renaissance in Italy Jacob Burckhardt, a Swiss historian, described the Renaissance as the â€Å"prototype of the modern world† in his book Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860). People became to approach the world empirically and draw rational conclusions based on observation. Burckhardt saw the emergence of the modern world emerge from that of the pre-modern, or medieval, period. Some criticize Burckhardt for overlooking the continuity betweenRead MoreAp European History Outline Chapter 10 Essay example5639 Words   |  23 PagesMr. Dunbar AP European History Chapter 10 Outline: Renaissance and Discovery Section One: The Renaissance in Italy * Section Overview * Jacob Burckhardt, a Swiss historian, described the Renaissance as the â€Å"prototype of the modern world† in his book Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860) * In Italy blossomed new secular and scientific views * People became to approach the world empirically and draw rational conclusions based on observation Read MoreAfrican-American Segregation and Isolation2443 Words   |  10 Pagesby Northern leaders to Southern prerogatives on race. The opportunity, which capped these causes and factors, was the demand for plantation workers during World I (Berlin). Historians identified the primary causes of the Great Migration as the decline of cotton production, flooding in the rural areas of the South, increased number of lynching and other forms of racial violence and discrimination, recruitment of African-Americans by northern industries and the influence of Black newspapers in the

The Renaissance and Italys Decline - 1592 Words

The Renaissance and Italys Decline Definition: The period in European civilization immediately following the Middle Ages, conventionally held to have been characterized by a surge of interest in classical learning and values. Set in the city-states of Italy in the fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the constant uncertainty, both economic and political, and extreme volatility of the historical situation provided the material for new intellectual, cultural, and social experiments that would at their conclusion provide the means of constructing a new European mono-cultural identity, one focused on humanistic studies, science, and the arts. This historical background is surprisingly volatile; while one might assume that†¦show more content†¦In Italy the Renaissance proper was preceded by an important proto-renaissance in the late 13th and early 14th centuries, which drew inspiration from Franciscan radicalism. St. Francis had rejected the formal Scholasticism of the prevailing Christian theology and gone out among the poor praising the beauties and spiritual value of nature. His example inspired Italian artists and poets to take pleasure in the world around them. The work of the most famous artist of the proto-renaissance period, Giotto (1266/67 or 1276-1337), reveals a new pictorial style that depends on clear, simple structure and great psychological penetration rather than on the flat, linear decorativeness and hierarchical compositions of his predecessors and contemporaries. The great poet Dante lived at about the same time as Giotto, and his poetry shows a similar concern with inward experience and the subtle shades and variations of human nature. Although his Divine Comedy belongs to the Middle Ages in its plan and ideas, its subjective spirit and power of expression look forward to the Renaissance. Petrarch and Boccaccio also belong to this proto-renaissance period, both through their extensive studies of Latin literature andShow MoreRelatedAp Euro Kagan, Western Herita ge 8th Edition. Ch. 9 and 10 Study Guide1509 Words   |  7 Pagesbecause even some popes contracted the bubonic plagued. Faith was lost in the church. Chapter 10 1. Discuss Jacob Burkhardt’s interpretation of the Renaissance. What criticisms have been leveled against it? How would you define renaissance in the context of fifteenth and sixteenth-century Italy? Burkhardt’s interpretation of the renaissance implied that society was evolving in such a superior intellectual way that made Italians seem like a super race â€Å"full, whole nature of mankind† was achievedRead MoreWhat Is The History Of Italys Parliamentary Republic Government?1013 Words   |  5 PagesItaly has a Parliamentary Republic government type, full with the Executive, Judiciary, and Legislative branches. The Constitution of 1948 gives the framework for this government. Italy’s parliamentary system is bicameral and is made up of two houses of parliament. Italy’s Supreme Court is the Court of Cassation, in which judges appeal on points of law from lower courts. The Court of Cassation assures that the law is understood uniformly across the nation. (Sawe, n.d.) Sovereignty belongs to theRead MoreThe Death Of The Black Death1487 Words   |  6 Pagesand medieval worlds. 2.City-states led to The renaissance in Italy: Renaissance society first took shape within the merchant cities of late medieval Italy. Italy had a cultural advantage over the rest of Europe because its geography made it the natural gateway between east and west. The city-states had wealth from commerce and that that were present in the Middle Ages. 3.Charles vIII’s march through Italy led to Italy’s political decline: The French invasions (1494-1527): The FrenchRead MoreEssay about Cultural Awareness the Country of Italy1983 Words   |  8 Pages50 years today Italy has a President named Giorgio Napolitano he is the 11th President in the history of the country and the longest serving President in the country’s history. The Prime Minister is Matteo Renzi who is 39 years of age making him Italy’s youngest leader since Mussolini. Italy has suffered many defeats in its history politically losing much of its power and on the other hand has won many battles having gained much power and worldly authority over many nations. Politics in the twentyRead MoreThe Most Exotic Locations On The Planet3617 Words   |  15 Pagesfact that’s not even the reason why the country is growing. 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The idea of the Renaissance as an age of gold afterRead MoreItaly - Research Paper10557 Words   |  43 Pagesto have fourteen years of formal education. This has lead to a 98 percent literacy rate among the population that only has a growth rate of 0.02 percent per year, which is one of the lowest growth rates in the world. (Killinger, 2002) After the decline of the Roman Empire, it took what is now Italy over fourteen centuries to become unified and drive out foreign rule. The state of Italy was formed following the Italian unification movement, known as Risorgimento. Italy installed their first ParliamentRead MoreRenaissance And Discovery Of The Renaissance4916 Words   |  20 PagesChapter 10 Outline: Renaissance and Discovery The Renaissance in Italy Jacob Burckhardt, a Swiss historian, described the Renaissance as the â€Å"prototype of the modern world† in his book Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860). People became to approach the world empirically and draw rational conclusions based on observation. Burckhardt saw the emergence of the modern world emerge from that of the pre-modern, or medieval, period. Some criticize Burckhardt for overlooking the continuity betweenRead MoreAp European History Outline Chapter 10 Essay example5639 Words   |  23 PagesMr. Dunbar AP European History Chapter 10 Outline: Renaissance and Discovery Section One: The Renaissance in Italy * Section Overview * Jacob Burckhardt, a Swiss historian, described the Renaissance as the â€Å"prototype of the modern world† in his book Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860) * In Italy blossomed new secular and scientific views * People became to approach the world empirically and draw rational conclusions based on observation Read MoreAfrican-American Segregation and Isolation2443 Words   |  10 Pagesby Northern leaders to Southern prerogatives on race. The opportunity, which capped these causes and factors, was the demand for plantation workers during World I (Berlin). Historians identified the primary causes of the Great Migration as the decline of cotton production, flooding in the rural areas of the South, increased number of lynching and other forms of racial violence and discrimination, recruitment of African-Americans by northern industries and the influence of Black newspapers in the

The Art of Motivating Salespeople Free Essays

In the workplace, there are many factors that go into motivating salespeople. What interests some, might not interest others. It is vital for an employer to identify with its employees needs and wants and what is important to them in order to effectively motivate their employers and run their company the best way possible. We will write a custom essay sample on The Art of Motivating Salespeople or any similar topic only for you Order Now In an article titled â€Å"The Art of Motivating Salespeople† by speaker and author John Boe, he gives the reader his own personal insights on how to effectively motivate a salesforce. The article states that, â€Å"Traditionally, sales managers have relied primarily on commission to motivate their sales force. Unfortunately, a compensation structure based solely on commission does not address separate motivational factors and therefore, commission alone will not motivate your sales force to peak performance. † As discussed in class, there are other factors more important to employees rather then solely commission and money. Feeling accepted by fellow employees or appreciated by the person you are working for are far more important to people than receiving an extra bonus. The article states, â€Å"While money is certainly an important ingredient in any incentive program, it should by no means be the only tool in a managers motivational toolbox. † Once an employer realizes this, they will be able to better communicate with their salespeople and reward them in ways that are both efficient and effective for their company. By discovering employees’ needs, they will be able to develop a program that will motivate their sales people and potentially reach the company’s highest goals. Difficulty lies in motivating sales people due to feelings of isolation and detachment, people working on their own, and frustrations. When developing motivational programs, managers must be able to identify with salespeople’s needs. The theory that exists that relates to these needs is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory. He proposed five levels of needs that every individual seeks to satisfy. The theory explains how a person will not worry about filling other needs until the one before it has been filled. The first level and most basic is Physiological Needs. These needs include necessary food, water, shelter, clothing, and health care or good benefits package. The next level is considered Safety Needs which consist of job security, income security, and safe working conditions. Once a person feels this sense of security, they will then go on to fill their Social Needs. For most people, it is very important to feel accepted and have a sense of belonging. In the workplace, one may feel the need to have support and group encouragement. The fourth level of Esteem Needs involves a person having the need to feel recognized. It is important to a person to be given credit when it is deserved and feel appreciated for their hard work. The final level of needs is called Self Actualization. This involves a person wanting to improve and learn new things. It is simply a self development challenge of expanding one’s horizons. To fulfill this need, a person may become involved in special projects, participate in advanced training, or take on more responsibilities in the office. Basically, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs helps us to understand the needs of people in the workplace. Finding an effective combination of motivators may be easier if a sales executive understands some of the behavioral factors that affect sales force motivation. The article tells us that â€Å"a successful incentive program is a mixture of awards, recognition, and peer pressure. To encourage sales people to reach their full potential, successful managers personalize incentives. † Mentioned in the article and in class discussion is finding a person’s â€Å"hot buttons†. This term is way of saying what one can do or say to impress another and get them to be intrigued. Salespeople will perform better and put forth greater effort when the rewards are worth their hard work. Ways to keep interest during an incentive program include publishing standings frequently to show progress and acknowledge achievement during the process. For company rewards and incentives to have an impact on motivation, salespeople must value these rewards†¦ and they must feel that the rewards are worth the effort. A program that involves the reward something as simple as being recognized, such as an â€Å"Employee of the Month Parking Space† is a great way to motivate employees to work hard and bring the company success. The reward is well worth the salesperson’s effort and this gives the them to incentive to do whatever they have to do to reach their ultimate goal. The article reminds us that â€Å"a well structured incentive program pays for itself from increased revenue. † In essence, identifying a salespersons needs and the rewards they value for their hard work is very important in motivating salespeople. Although motivation can be difficult at times, developing incentive programs that are created specifically for a company’s employees are ultimately efficient and effective ways to reach success. How to cite The Art of Motivating Salespeople, Papers

Manny Pacquiao free essay sample

With a better understanding of Pacquiao, many would be able to grasp and acknowledge how a boxer/fighter can be an idolizing leader as well. Pacquiao’s Personal Background Emmanuel Dapidran Pacquiao, also known as Manny Pacquiao, was born on December 17, 1978 in Kibawe, Bukidnon, Philippines to Rosalio and Dionesia Pacquiao. He is the fourth among six siblings in which his mother had to raise by herself starting from the time Pacquiao was in sixth grade due to marriage separation (Chua-Eoan par. 4). This affected Pacquiao in a way that forced him to leave home at the age of 14 and drop out of high school due to poverty and his mother not making enough money to support the family (Chua-Eoan par. 8). He moved to Manila and lived, at a time, on the streets (Chua-Eoan par. 8). He started boxing and soon enough made the Philippine national amateur boxing team. He was just sixteen years of age when he began his professional boxing career (Chua-Eoan par. We will write a custom essay sample on Manny Pacquiao or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 11). From then on out, Pacquiao would rank up in different weight divisions and soon enough became legendary known. Even though he’s still continuing to make his mark in his boxing profession, he’s playing an active role in politics as well. He is the only active boxer to become a congressman in the Philippines (Chua-Eoan par. 3). He is currently married to Maria Jamora with whom he has four children and is residing in Kiamba, Sarangani, the hometown of his wife (Chua-Eoan par. 5). Pacquiao is among those individuals whose childhood/family life affected their education when growing up. Pacquiao seemed almost obligated to drop out of high school due to the impact of poverty and living within a household that contained many children with only one parent supporting. Times were rough, however in February of 2007, Pacquiao passed a high school equivalency exam making him eligible for college education and was rewarded with a high school diploma by the Department of Education (Chua-Eoan par. 9). He continued on to get a college degree in business management at Notre Dame of Dadiangas University (NDDU) in his hometown in General Santos City (Esplanada par. ). In preparation for his career as a lawmaker in the House of Representatives, Pacquiao enrolled in the Development Academy of the Philippines Graduate School of Public and Development Management (Chua-Eoan par. 10). Despite his age, Pacquiao was determined to go back and complete his high school education setting up to be an excellent role model for children, youth and adults that feel like it is too late to finish s chool. As the saying goes, it’s always better late than never at all. Political Influences and Development With no doubt in mind, one can assume that Manny Pacquiao has a list of names of those who have inspired him in his profession in boxing, but however it is quite intriguing to know who has influenced him politically. An important figure who played an influential role on Pacquiao was former Filipino Senator and Governor of Tarlac, Philippines, Benigno â€Å"Ninoy† Aquino (James 180). Aquino himself was an active politician and left a lasting impression on the Philippines during the time of former President Marcos’ regime. Although Aquino had different political goals in mind compared to those of Pacquiao’s, what Pacquiao found admiring of him was his candidness and sincerity (James 182). Aquino was a strong, determined individual who was willing to jepordize his seat in office and even his own life to stand up for his country. However, the one major influence and reason that led Pacquiao to get involve with the government and politics, would have to be the people of his country, specifically those living in poverty in his hometowns (Collins par. ). If it weren’t for his own childhood experience, Pacquiao wouldn’t have the urge to give back to the community. Since that is not the case, Pacquiao continues to help those in desire need without having to think twice. Within the same time after obtaining his high school diploma and college degree, Pacquiao announced that he would be running for a seat in the House of Representatives in the May 2007 legislative election as a candidate of the Liberal Party, aiming to represent the 1st District of South Cotabato (James 174). Sadly, he was defeated in this election by Representative Darlene Antonino-Custodio. In the following year in September 2008, Pacquiao became a member of Kabalikat ng Malayang Pilipino (KAMPI), a pro-administration political party (James 174). The next year on November 21, 2009, Pacquiao confirmed that he would run again for the congressional seat, but this time for Sarangani province, the hometown of his wife (Balana par. 1). Within a year, on May 13, 2010, he was officially proclaimed congressman of the lone district of Sarangani trouncing his rival by nearly 60,000 votes (James 178).

Citizen Ruth Movie Review essays

Citizen Ruth Movie Review essays In the movie Citizen Ruth, a woman named Ruth Stoops is an inhalant abusing, poverty-stricken woman who constantly gets arrested. The judge charges her with criminal endangerment of her fetus. Thats when she finds out that shes pregnant with her fifth child, and the state has already stripped her visitation rights to see her other children. The judge also tells her, however, that if she gets an abortion they'll be more lenient with her and she wont have to stay in jail as long. This angers members of a pro-life group called the "Baby Savers. She meets the head operator of Baby Savers Gail Stoney in jail when shes having a nervous breakdown on the floor. Gail and her husband post bail and Ruth goes to live with them and their teenage daughter, Cheryl and younger son Matthew. There, she inconveniences their family, but claims to want to fix her life up for her sake and for her babys. Soon they're taking her to pro-life protests at a woman's clinic, but she starts huffing again, and th ey kick her out because they find her at an alley behind the clinic huffing and beating their son. They send her to live with another supposedly pro-lifer named Diane, but she turns out to be an undercover pro-choice lesbian activist. Along with her lover, Rachel and bodyguard Harlan, Diane persuades Ruth back over to believing that she can choose whatever she wants and whatever is best for the baby. "Baby Savers" president Blaine Gibbons bribed Ruths feeble mind to come back and save her baby. Harlan leveled the playing field and offered her the same amount so she wouldnt make a wrong decision for the money. From then on the two sides battle for control of Ruth's conscience and the baby that lives inside her, for Ruths choice would be a huge political win for either side. Theres a war of protests going outside the clinic where Ruth is supposed to ...

Lesson Plan on Present Perfect and Past Simple

Lesson Plan on Present Perfect and Past Simple The switch between the present perfect and the past simple is one of the most challenging aspects for English learners. There are a few reasons for this: Students use a language - such as German, French or Italian - which uses its version of the past simple and the present perfect interchangeably.Students find the difference between specific past experience (past simple) and general experience (present perfect) difficult.Students speak a language in which tense usage is much more loose such as Japanese. This lesson focuses on the switch by first narrowing the choices down to either the present perfect or the past simple. It asks students to first ask questions about general experience with ever and then drill down to the specifics with question words such as where, when, why etc. Aim Becoming more proficient in switching between the present perfect and the past simple Activity Number 1 Asking about experiences # 2 Writing about experiences Level Lower-intermediate to intermediate Outline Begin the lessons by speaking about your own experiences in a general way. Be careful not to give any details about these experiences. In other words, keep to the present perfect. I find topics such as travel, education, and hobbies work well. For example: Ive been to many countries in my life. Ive traveled in Europe and Ive visited France, Germany, Italy, and Switzerland. Ive also driven a lot in the United States. In fact, Ive driven through almost 45 states. Ask students to ask you questions about the specifics of some of your adventures. You may need to model this. However, students will hopefully be able to catch on fast and keep to the past simple. On the board, create a timeline showing past to present with some of your adventures. Put question marks above the general statements, specific dates above specific statements. Point out the difference between the two. You can use the ​tense time charts on this site as well. Introduce the question Have you ever ... for general experience. Review information questions in the past simple to focus on specific experiences. Model a few question-and-answer exchanges with students switching between Have you ever... followed by information questions When did you ..., Where did you ..., etc. when students answer in the affirmative.   Have students complete exercise one with partners or in small groups.   Moving around the class, listen to these conversations helping when necessary. To continue, ask students to fill in the worksheet following the example provided. Move around the room making sure students are switching between the present perfect and the simple past in writing. Exercise 1 Use the present perfect with Have you ever... to ask your classmates questions. When your partner answers yes, follow-up with information questions in the past simple. For example: Student 1: Have you ever been to China?Student 2: Yes, I have.Student 1: When did you go there?Student 2: I went there in 2005.Student 1: Which cities did you visit?Student 2: I visited Beijing and Shanghai. buy a new cartravel in a foreign countryplay football / soccer / tennis / golfwork in a large companyfly over the oceaneat something that made you sickstudy a foreign languagelose your money, wallet, or purseeat snailsplay an instrument Exercise 2 Write a few sentences on each of these topics. First, begin with a sentence using the present perfect. Next, write a sentence or two giving specific details. For example: I have learned three languages in my life. I studied German and Italian when I was in college. I also learned French when I visited the country for a three-month French language program in 1998.   Hobbies I have learnedPlaces I have visitedCrazy food I have eatenPeople I have metStupid things I have boughtSubjects I have studied

Week 7 lab on human bones Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Week 7 on human bones - Lab Report Example elatively harder to locate and palpate, easier in subject 1, feels as the most prominent cervical spinous process, differentiated from C6 by its movement upon extension of the head (Sinnatamby 450). Curves of the spine: easy to locate and palpate in children and in subject 1, with the subject standing erect. Just following the spine would reveal its curves in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions, the last two regions being harder to locate and palpate both in subject 1 and 2 (Drake, Vogl, and Mitchell 83). Several ribs: the upper ribs are easier to locate in subject 1 than in subject 2, and overall easier to locate in lean people. They feel as bony arches alternating with shallow depressions (Drake, Vogl, and Mitchell 147). Posterior to anterior palpation of ribs: relatively difficult to palpate individual ribs posteriorly than anteriorly. Easier in subject 1. Start from the sides of the thorax and palpate along the arches till the body of the sternum (Drake, Vogl, and Mitchell 143). The 12th rib: relatively hard to locate. First locate the xiphoid process which is hard to palpate itself, then move along the edge to the hanging ribs. Tender in children. Much easier to locate in subject 1 ((Sinnatamby 187). Body of the sternum: easy to locate, especially in children and in subject 1. Felt as a flat bone in the center of the chest or thorax. Ends suddenly in a dip, which is the xiphoid process (Sinnatamby 226). Xiphoid process: relatively hard to locate and palpate. Easier in children and in subject 1. Felt as a sudden dip at the end of the body of sternum. Once located, it is easier to palpate the hanging ribs (Sinnatamby 226). The sacrum: relatively harder to locate, but easy to palpate. Easier in children and in subject 1, and with the subject sitting, feels as a continuation of bony spines running along the entire length of the bone caudally from the spine midway between the two PSISs (Drake, Vogl, and Mitchell

Poem Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Poem - Annotated Bibliography Example The oppression was being advanced by the whites in various forms such as restrictions to certain facilities and mistreatments. The authors thus portrays how Phillis Whitley composed the poem â€Å"On the Death of General Wooster† which depicts a form of resistance to the state and a protest in a way. Phillis expresses her outrage regarding how the Africa’s race was being treated by the white people. The book can be described as credible since the authors have written other books on the topic before. In the book Stony the Road We Trod: African American Biblical Interpretation, Felder, the author, analyses various poems regarding the poetry works by various authors especially in the 18th century such as the â€Å"An Ante-bellum Sermon† composed by Paul Laurence Dunbar in the 1890s. According to Dunbar’s analysis, the poem is more of a protest as well as a plea to other African Americans to resist the slavery that was being facilitated by the white and which was a great source of poverty among the black race. The poem employs a lot of humor where Dunbar calls for â€Å"Moses† to come and rescue the black people from the slavery. The book Stony the Road We Trod: African American Biblical Interpretation is a compilation of credible analysis of poems from various poets thus can be described to be trustworthy. Haralson is the author of the popular book Encyclopedia of American Poetry which is a compendium of various poetry works in the history of America. In one of the poems is â€Å"The Slave Auction† which was composed by a renowned poet, Watkins Harper in the slavery period of America. In the book Encyclopedia of American Poetry, the author attempts to analyse the various issue presented by Watkins such as the torture and a hard time that African Americans endured at the time of his composing the poem. He condemns the

Two Perspectives of Organization Theory Essay -- Business Management

Organization theory is the body of knowledge related to the examination and analysis of both the internal workings of organizations and their interactions with their external environments. This knowledge is generated either through practical experience or through scientific inquiry. Organization theory is also concerned with applying this knowledge to designing and managing organizations. Contrary to what the term â€Å"organization theory† might suggest, the literature of this field of study teems with a variety of organization theories. Each theory offers a perspective for understanding organizations. The wealth of perspectives in organization theory stems from the diverse, complex, and dynamic nature of organizations and the wide range of academic disciplines underlying the field of organization theory. For any field of study as diverse as organization theory, controversies are bound to occur. Such a clash of perspectives occurred when Herbert Simon published â€Å"The Pro verbs of Public Administration†---a biting criticism of classical organization theory as exemplified by the work of Luther Gulick. I shall first summarize Gulick’s and Simon’s central ideas about organizations, laying the ground to compare and contrast their approaches. Then I will consider Simon’s critique of Gulick, and to be fair to Gulick, we shall also examine arguments from an article written in Gulick’s defense by Thomas Hammond. In the course of the discussion of the Gulick-Simon debate, I will take the liberty to interpose my comments on the arguments put forth. My global comments on this debate are collected toward the end of this think piece. Let us first consider Gulick’s perspective on organizations. Gulick’s work on organization theory belongs t... ...e possibility for cross-fertilization between the existing paradigms exists. Perhaps, the best that can be done is to establish frameworks in which multiple paradigms provide different viewpoints from which to examine the complexities of organizations. Works Cited Gulick, Luther H. 1937. â€Å"Notes on the Theory of Organization† in Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick (eds.), Papers on the Science of Administration, 1–45. New York: Institute of Public Administration, Columbia University. Simon, Herbert A. 1946. â€Å"The proverbs of Administration,† Public Administration Review 6, 53–67. Simon, Herbert A. 1947. Administrative Behavior. Fourth edition 1997. New York: The Free Press. Hammond, Thomas H. 1990. â€Å"In Defence of Luther Gulick’s ‘Notes on the Theory of Organization.’† Public Administration 68, 143–173.

Critically Assess Whether Strategic Hrm Leads to ‘High Performance’’

Essay Question 1: ‘Critically assess whether strategic HRM leads to ‘high performance’’ Introduction There is a controversy whether the Strategic Human Resources Management (SHRM) leads to ‘high performance’. A general idea of SHRM is that â€Å"the linkage of management and deployment of the individual within the firm to the business overall and its environment whereas HRM is the activities that take place under this area. † Truss and Gratton (1994). It spotlights on long-term strategy.Two theoretical perspectives to the Strategic Human Resources Management (SHRM) will be introduced and compared to determine whether they manage to ‘high performance’ or not. First, the Universalist approach is ‘one best way’ of dealing human resource to improve business performance. Second, the Contingency approach is to align HR policies and practices with the details of business strategy to create a positive impact on business. In addition, two examples: a large company and a medium-size company will be used to illustrate both approaches practically.At the same time, there are issues associate with theoretical perspectives that need to be discussed. Such issues are the implementation problems as well as the measurement problems. After all, the question will be answered with analysing all of the above. The advantages and disadvantages of each approach will be identified by gathering views of researchers. To the final stage, both approaches are being recognised if the linkage is existence to ‘high performance’ and to the level of measure that are being noticed. Different approaches to SHRM * Universalist approachA Universalist approach is known as ‘best practice’ human resource management (HRM). This approach describes there is ‘one best way’ to manage people in order to improve organizational performance. It argues that all organizations, regardless of sector, size or country, will benefit from identifying, gaining commitment to and implementing a set of best HRM practices. The job of a researcher is to identify what the practices are, and a job of HR professional to implement them. For example, a research from Delery and Doty (1996) identify certain practices that improve organizational performance.The detailed components are ‘high performance work systems (HPWS)’ Berg (1999); Appelbaum et al (2000), ‘high commitment management’ Walton (1985); Guest (2001a, 2001b) and ‘high involvement management’ Wood (1999a). Another researcher by Jeffrey Pfeffer (1998) identifies that seven universally applicable practices will benefit all firms. The components include: 1) Employment security, 2) Careful hiring, 3) Self-managed teams and decentralized decision-making, 4) Comparatively high compensation, 5) Extensive training, 6) Low status distinctions and barriers, 7) Extensive sharing of financial and performance info rmation.The implication is that when a coherent bundle of HR practices is outlined, the integrated HR practices will impact positively on organizational performance. The ‘best practice’ HRM sees there is ‘one best way’ of managing people and that is appropriate across all circumstances. * Contingency Approach On the other hand, the Contingency approach is known as ‘best-fit’ HRM. It takes account of factors such as organizational size, location, sector, strategy and the nature of work. Baird and Meshoulam’s (1998) model advocates that HRM approaches will differ giving to different life-cycle stages.These life cycle stages ranges from start-up to maturity. While an organization is growing and maturing over time, it becomes gradually complex. Therefore, more sophisticated HR structures and policies are needed. This approach focuses on two types of ‘fit’ and ‘line management integration’. The first type is ‘E xternal fit’ and it is commonly known as ‘vertical fit’. It is in coherence and alignment with business strategy and external market factors. When HR policies and practices are aligned to strategic focus, performance will improve.Porter’s (1985) strategic options on 1) Cost Leadership, 2) Differentiation and Innovation and 3) Focus are adopted. The second type is ‘Internal fit’ and it can also interpret to ‘horizontal fit’. HR policies and practices are all fit together so that they are in coherence. They are also mutually reinforcing and are applied continuously. Jeffrey Pfeffer’s (1998) seven practices are adopted. Lastly, ‘Line management integration’ is when line managers act as a critical character in implementing HRM strategy. Best-fit’ HRM suggests that the best to manage people will vary depending on organizational circumstances, and hence, the link to business strategy is key. Empirical evidence of SHRM model * A large company – Tarmac The UK quarrying company Tarmac has over 12500 employees at present. The operations function is key to overall company’s performance. It needs the support of finance managers, zone managers and HR managers. A finance manager delivers financial and management accounts to contribute the strategic decision-making process by forecasting financial performance.A zone manager manages operational performance. They meet and improve targets for cost, quality, delivery, safety and business ethics shown in key performance indicators (KPIs). Lastly a HR manager ensures business managers apply HR policies and procedures. The company’s goal is to achieve objectives by motivating all individuals working together as one team across the business units and functions. Each objective has its strategies. The followings practices are to achieve ‘Engage employees’ and ‘Act Responsibly’ objectives.Firstly, Tarmac focuse s on a high level of employee involvement and encourages high employee commitment to the organization so that workers feel they are trusted and treated in an open and positive attitude. For example, employees regularly discuss with managers about their viewpoints within development teams. This helps workers feel part of the wider team, strengthens employee engagement and commitment to the company. Secondly, team-working practices create a closer supervision and a flat hierarchy. A coaching style manager develops employees to manage themselves rather than to manage each task.Employee’s suggestions are offered, and this contributes to improvements in organizational performance. An example of Tarmac targets and measures a decline in waste. In 2010, eighteen workshop-training sessions were held for all site employees on CO2 awareness and energy. All district managers were involved in the programme. Some external experts from Carbon Trust were also invited to support the rollout o f the training programme. As a result, Tarmac gained benefit from 500 energy and CO2 reduction. Overall, Tarmac adopted a high commitment strategy to meet the objectives.Therefore, it improved the company’s performance. * A small-medium size company – i-LEVEL i-Level is one of the most innovative digital media companies and is ranked the ‘Sunday Times 100 best companies to work for’ in 2004. It has a size of workforce of 60 employees. The i-Level company has a high level of financial performance. There was a 33 per cent increase in earnings per annum. Their guiding principles are used as a framework. This is to ensure the internal fit and the external fit of company. The company is at the growing stage which a lot of the recruitment effort is on discovering the potential staff. -Level frequently seeks appropriate employees to be supported to work with the company. To fit HR policies and practices together, i-Level uses physical arrangements to remove top-d own hierarchy in order to encourage employees’ participation, communication, creativity, self-managed teams and organisational values. As a result, a complete, open plan office is the environment where employees conduct their normal day-to-day operations. Moreover, i-Level sees pay is significant for performance. 15 per cent of the company’s pre-tax profit is kept for performance bonuses from 2003 to 2004.Meanwhile, the company argues pay is not their primary motivating force. On the other hand, the company aligns with business strategy and external environment by providing training courses for technical skills in media advertising. The company also offers an unusual training budget. There is an annual allowance provided for personal training and development purposes that are no obvious relation with work. The belief is to develop the skills and interests of workers in ways not studied before. This is expected to enhance i-level workers’ innovative thoughts at w ork through practices outside the company’s work area.To summaries, i-LEVEL achieves competitive advantage through innovation and which competes in very tight labour markets. It adopted Porter’s strategic option of ‘Focus’ and Pfeffer’s 7 practices to enhance the company's performance. Additional issues to reflect * Problems of implementation Line managers are central HRM performers in the organization, and they play a vital role in implementation of HR policies and practices. They influence their team‘s performance in a direct manner. A number of factors account for the line management problem. Firstly, it seems there is devolution to line managers.For instance, line managers do not want the responsibility of being a line manager or do not have enough time to deal with it accurately. They might not have the skills to handle HR issues successfully or are unaware of recent developments in view of HRM. Some managers do not consider a long-term v iew of the company or are inefficient for making policy in this area. Secondly, McGovern et al (1997), Marchington (2001) and Hutchinson and Purcell (2003) identify there are differences between ‘espoused’ and ‘actual’ policies that are relatively recognized to line managers.For example, some policies are normative rather than positive. Some descriptions of policies and practices are in general terms rather than analytical about actual situations. Hence, managers are unable to implement them specifically to meet the company’s goals. Furthermore, a broader issue, the line manager jobs in firms become progressively complex due to new firms’ structures. For instance, virtual and network companies have less clear line manager characters than the layered hierarchical company. One observable implication is pressure for reducing the size of the HR department.There will be a cut down in numbers of HR professionals. Ultimately, these factors all affect the organizational performance due to unsuccessful implementation of HR policies and practices. * Problems of measurement Fitzgerald (1991) and Neely (1998) stated that performance measurement is a key issue in guaranteeing the effective implementation of a firm’s strategy. However, using inadequate measurements is poor in supporting managements’ business objectives. The followings are the circumstances. Scientists use large-scale data groups made self-completed questionnaires.This will lead to two problems. First of all, there is dependence on one person, to represent the whole group. Secondly, there is dependence on a design of questionnaires. For example, respondents are answering yes or no questions rather than giving thoughts and opinions. This type of questions may generate a less accurate result. Moreover, there is uncertainty of how the data should be gathered, presented and analysed. The major problem is mis-reporting single respondents. Respondents may have limited knowledge of the area and use of policies.Furthermore, the measures of performance commonly take account of the financial performance, whereas there is a few findings focus on the broader issue of employee attitudes and well-being. Equally, there are matters to the range of HR practices. For instance, a report shows statistics of whether a company has self-managed teams, some may look at the proportion of workers running in a self-managed team. Lastly, Atkinson (2005) suggests that the measurement of productivity in the service sector can be exceptionally challenging.It is always easy to get typical, comparable financial statistics. To sum up, the measurement of data are related to the level of relevance to business performance. Critical analysis of the beyond * Best practice Pros ; Cons Research states there is a positive link between the HR practices and organisational performance. Firstly, Huselid (1995, p. 667) discovered that ‘the degree of returns for investments in High Performance Work Systems is significant’. In fact, ‘A one standard deviation rise in High Performance Work Systems practices is associated with a comparative 7. 5 per cent drop in labour turnover. On ‘per employee’ base, $27,044, $18,641 and $3814 more in sales, more in market value and profits respectively. Secondly, the workplace employee relation survey (Cully et al 1999) indicates that there is 14 per cent of organisations adopted high commitment strategy. In contrast, researcher (Delery 1998) also emphasized ‘deadly’ bundles of practices need to be avoided. For example, it occurs to managers giving reward based on individual performance while they are working as a team.Furthermore, Boxall and Purcell (2003, p. 64) commented while multi-national companies make the effort standardise their practices across nations, national perspective and organisational sectoral perspectives show criticism on the effectiveness of these practices. M archington and Grulis (2000, p. 1117) argue the most common example is in labour intensive organisations recognise costs are expensive when they use these practices. To summaries the best practice approach, Guest’s (1987) argues that there is no best practice.At the same time, he also suggests a set of best practices such as high commitment management is the route to survival of UK business. This leads to an argument that in order to enhance company performance, managers must alter their HR policies and practices to the framework that is operational. The interpretation comes to ‘best-fit’ approach. * Best-fit Pros ; Cons Thompson (2000) conducted two studies of firms in the UK aerospace industry. His first study in 1997 showed that with higher levels of value added per worker encourages greater diffusion of innovative working practices with their non-management employees.These organisations are towards to more heavily engaged in specialist production for niche ma rkets and hired technical and professional workers. The second study in 1999 showed evidence that organizations introduced a larger number of high performance work practices had much enhanced business performance. As a result, companies moving from less than five to more than six innovative practices created a 34 per cent increase in value added per worker. On the other hand, Miles and Snow (1984) align suitable managerial types to three genetic strategies of prospector, defender and analyser.If managerial properties and skills are aligned to company strategy, there will be a higher level of link to organisational performance. Thomas and Ramaswamy (1996) offered such support. As a result, performance in aligned firms was statistically excellent. In comparison, (Purcell 1999 p. 35) outlines that a number of successful organisations features that are unable to model. These are the cultural norms that have been developed gradually over a long period associated with accomplishment. It i s easy to identify the key factors that drive to success. Especially when the organisations are large and complex.Imaginably the major problem is that many organisations exist inside complex external environments with multiple contingencies that are not to be ignored or recognized. * Comparing both approaches Each approach has advantages evidence and disadvantages evidence. It could be argued that different approaches can apply in different sectors. For example, Guest (2001) advocates that there is the possibility that a high commitment management is most applicable in manufacturing i. e. Tarmac, while strategic choice for fitting with business strategy, is more credible in the service sector i. . i-LEVEL. As a whole, critically discuss the link between SHRM and performance. Evidence from Patterson et al (1997) examined sixty-seven manufacturing businesses in the UK for a period. The outcomes were 19 per cent of profitability and 18 per cent of the variation in productivity could be certified to HRM practices. This demonstrated HRM practices has a positive impact on organisational performance. Conclusion In summary, SHRM consists of a number of practices and is an organization level analysis of how HRM systems impact on performance.Two theoretical perspectives outline different views. The ‘best-practice’ approach defines there is ‘one best way’ of managing people. It is appropriate across all circumstances. Whereas ‘best-fit’ approach terms the best to manage people will change depending on organizational circumstances. It highlights the essence of linking business strategy. Tarmac was used as an example. It applied the ‘best practice’ approach and adopted a high commitment strategy to meet the objectives. Hence Tarmac improved its firm’s performance.I-Level was used an example to describe the competitive advantage the company had achieved through innovation while competing in extremely tight labour ma rket. It adopted Porter’s strategic option of ‘Focus’ and Pfeffer’s 7 practices to enhance the firm’s performance. Empirical evidences show both organisations are successful with adopting different approaches to their specific, targeted firms. These firms had a positive impact on performance. This can be concluded that SHRM has a clear link to business performance practically. In depth, other issues such as implementation and measurement roblems are considered. Problems of implementation affect the organizational performance due to unsuccessful implementation of HR policies and practices in line management. On the other hand, problems of measurement are valued on the basis of how easy and difficult the data is to represent and most importantly the level of relevance to business performance. If the relevance is slight, it may have little or no impact on business performance. In the final stage of comparing both approaches, many researchers’ po int of views is gathered. ‘Best-practice’ approach has advantages and disadvantages.It seems to argue that high commitment management is the route to successful business performance. On the other hand, the advantages and disadvantages of ‘best-fit’ approach suggest that applying this approach can be rigid and inflexibility due exists of complex external environments. Furthermore, in recent arguments, the product labour market seems to be emerged to a new post-industrial age where employers will tend to hire self-employed workers to carry out specific, time-limited projects for companies. This is due to the prediction of radical change.It can lead to a view that ‘best-fit’ approach should to be managed appropriately. This means practices should be adequate in different company’s life-cycle stage and align with different strategies. So that, it can feasibly enhance the organizational performance. Finally, strategic human resources manageme nt gives evidences, views, researches and facts to enhance organizational performance. However, the degree of high performance in context varies in different organizations under their circumstances. Hence, it does not necessary impact to ‘high’ performance.

The United States Of America And India Essay - 881 Words

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